NUR 530 St Thomas University Common Mental Health Disorder PPT

Goal: Develop an audio presentation and submit a PowerPoint presentation on a common mental health disorder.

Content Requirements:

Students will be randomly selected to participate in groups of three.

Create a case study of a patient based on your assigned group topic only.

The presentation must provide information:

Introduce a fictitious patient with a disease or disorder based on your assigned group topic.  Must specifically address the disease as it relates to one of the following populations:  infants, toddlers, school-aged children, adolescents, adults, or the elderly.

  • Definition of the disease or disorder
  • Epidemiology of the disease or disorder
  • Incidence

  • Prevalence
  • Pathogenesis

  • Pathophysiology of the disease/disorder to the cellular level.
  • Including genetics/genomics, neurotransmitters, and neurobiology of this specific disorder.
  • Clinical features of the disease or disorder
  • History of the patient’s problems

  • Physical findings
  • Psychiatric findings
  • Recommendations
  • Treatment recommendations according to the US clinical guidelines.

  • Patient education for management and anticipatory guidance.
  • Non-pharmaceutical, cultural, and spiritual considerations must be addressed.
  • Personality Disorders
    NUR 530 Psychopathology
    Week 5
    St Thomas University
    Outline
    • An Overview of Personality Disorders
    • Cluster A Personality Disorders
    • Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
    • Cluster B Personality Disorders
    • Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
    • Cluster C Personality Disorders
    • Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive
    Personality
    Disorders:
    An Overview
    • The nature of personality disorders
    • Enduring, inflexible predispositions
    • Maladaptive, causing distress and/or
    impairment
    • High comorbidity
    • Poorer prognosis
    • Ego-syntonic: Unlike other disorders,
    often feel consistent with one’s
    identity; patients don’t feel that
    treatment is necessary
    • 10 specific personality disorders organized
    into 3 clusters
    Personality
    Disorders:
    An Overview
    • DSM-5 personality disorder clusters
    • Cluster A—odd or eccentric cluster
    • Cluster B—dramatic, emotional, erratic
    cluster
    • Cluster C—fearful or anxious cluster
    Personality
    Disorders:
    Facts and
    Statistics
    • Prevalence of personality disorders
    • Affects about 1% of the general
    population
    • Origins and course of personality disorders
    • Thought to begin in childhood
    • Tend to run a chronic course if
    untreated
    • May transition into a different
    personality disorder
    Personality
    Disorders:
    Facts and
    Statistics
    • Gender distribution and gender bias in
    diagnosis
    • Antisocial—more often male
    • Histrionic—more often female
    • Comorbidity is the rule, not the exception
    • Personality disorders under study
    • Sadistic: Enjoy inflicting pain
    • Passive-aggressive: Defiant, undermine
    authority
    • Further research is needed
    Cluster A:
    Paranoid
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Pervasive and unjustified mistrust and
    suspicion
    • The causes
    • Biological and psychological
    contributions are unclear
    • Early learning that people and the
    world are dangerous
    Cluster A:
    Paranoid
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Treatment options
    • Few seek professional help on their
    own
    • Treatment focuses on development of
    trust
    • Cognitive therapy to counter
    negativistic thinking
    • Lack of good outcome studies
    Cluster A:
    Schizoid
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Pervasive pattern of detachment from
    social relationships
    • Very limited range of emotions in
    interpersonal situations
    • The causes
    • Etiology is unclear
    • Childhood shyness
    • Preference for social isolation
    resembles autism
    Cluster A:
    Schizoid
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Treatment options
    • Few seek professional help on their
    own
    • Focus on the value of interpersonal
    relationships
    • Building empathy and social skills
    • Lack of good outcome studies
    Cluster A:
    Schizotypal
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Behavior and dress is odd and unusual
    • Socially isolated and highly suspicious
    • Magical thinking, ideas of reference,
    and illusions
    • Many meet criteria for major
    depression
    • Some conceptualize this as resembling
    a milder form of schizophrenia
    Cluster A:
    Schizotypal
    Personality
    Disorder
    • The causes
    • A phenotype of a schizophrenia
    genotype?
    • More generalized brain deficits
    • Treatment options
    • 30–50% meet criteria for major
    depressive disorder
    • Main focus is on developing social skills
    • Address comorbid depression
    • Medical treatment is similar to that
    used for schizophrenia
    • Treatment prognosis is generally poor
    Cluster B:
    Antisocial
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Failure to comply with social norms
    • Violation of the rights of others
    • Irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
    • Lack of a conscience, empathy, and
    remorse
    • “Sociopathy” and “psychopathy”
    typically refer to this disorder or very
    similar traits
    • May be very charming, interpersonally
    manipulative
    Cluster B:
    Antisocial
    Personality
    Disorder (APD)
    • Relation with early behavior problems and
    conduct disorder
    • Early histories of behavioral problems,
    including conduct disorder
    • “Callous-unemotional” type of
    conduct disorder more likely to
    evolve into APD
    • Families with inconsistent parental
    discipline and support
    • Families often have histories of
    criminal and violent behavior
    Neurobiological
    Contributions
    and Treatment
    of Antisocial
    Personality
    • Prevailing neurobiological theories
    • Underarousal hypothesis—cortical
    arousal is too low
    • Cortical immaturity hypothesis—
    cerebral cortex is not fully developed
    • Fearlessness hypothesis—fail to
    respond to danger cues
    • Gray’s model: Inhibition signals are
    outweighed by reward signals
    Neurobiological
    Contributions
    and Treatment
    of Antisocial
    Personality
    • Treatment
    • Few seek treatment on their own
    • Antisocial behavior is predictive of
    poor prognosis
    • Emphasis is placed on prevention and
    rehabilitation
    • Often incarceration is the only viable
    alternative
    • May need to focus on practical (or
    selfish) consequences (e.g., if you rob
    someone, you’ll have to serve time)
    Development
    of Antisocial
    Personality
    • Genetic influences
    • More likely to develop antisocial
    behavior if parents have a history of
    antisocial behavior or criminality
    • Developmental influences
    • High-conflict childhood increases
    likelihood of antisocial personality in
    at-risk children
    • Neurobiological influences
    • Antisocial traits are not well explained
    by neuropsychological research
    Development
    of Antisocial
    Personality
    • Arousal theory
    • People with antisocial personalities are
    chronically under-aroused and seek
    stimulation from the types of activities
    that would be too fearful or aversive
    for most
    • Psychological and social influences
    • In research studies, psychopaths are
    less likely to give up when goal
    becomes unattainable—may explain
    why they persist with behavior (e.g.,
    crime) that is punished
    Development
    of Antisocial
    Personality
    • An integrated model
    • APD is the result of multiple
    interacting factors
    • Impaired fear conditioning: Children
    who develop APD may not adequately
    learn to fear aversive consequences of
    negative actions (e.g., punishment for
    setting fires)
    • Mutual biological–environmental
    influence
    • Early antisocial behavior alienates
    peers who would otherwise serve
    as corrective role models
    • Antisocial behavior and family
    stress mutually increase one
    another
    Development of
    Antisocial Personality
    © 2019 Cengage. All rights reserved.
    Cluster B:
    Borderline
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Unstable moods and relationships
    • Impulsivity, fear of abandonment, very
    poor self-image
    • Self-mutilation and suicidal gestures
    • Comorbidity rates are high with other
    mental disorders, particularly mood
    disorders
    Cluster B:
    Borderline
    Personality
    Disorder (BPD)
    • The causes
    • High emotional reactivity
    • Runs in families
    • May have impaired functioning of
    limbic system
    • Early trauma/abuse plays a causal role
    for some
    Cluster B:
    Borderline
    Personality
    Disorder
    • “Triple vulnerability” model of anxiety
    applies to BPD too:
    • generalized biological vulnerability
    (reactivity)
    • generalized psychological vulnerability
    (lash out when threatened)
    • specific psychological vulnerability
    (stressors elicit borderline behavior)
    Cluster B:
    Borderline
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Treatment options—few good outcome
    studies
    • Antidepressant medications provide
    some short-term relief
    • Dialectical behavior therapy is most
    promising treatment
    • Focus on dual reality of
    acceptance of difficulties and
    need for change
    • Focus on interpersonal
    effectiveness
    • Focus on distress tolerance to
    decrease reckless/self-harming
    behavior
    Cluster B:
    Histrionic
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Overly dramatic, sensational, and
    sexually provocative
    • Often impulsive and need to be the
    center of attention
    • Thinking and emotions are perceived
    as shallow
    • More commonly diagnosed in females
    Cluster B:
    Histrionic
    Personality
    Disorder
    • The causes
    • Failure to learn empathy as a child
    • Sociological view—product of the “me”
    generation
    • Treatment options
    • Focus on grandiosity, lack of empathy,
    unrealistic thinking
    • Little evidence that treatment is
    effective
    Cluster B:
    Narcissistic
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Exaggerated and unreasonable sense of
    self-importance
    • Preoccupation with receiving attention
    • Lack sensitivity and compassion for
    other people
    • Highly sensitive to criticism; envious
    and arrogant
    Cluster B:
    Narcissistic
    Personality
    Disorder
    • The causes
    • Failure to learn empathy as a child
    • Sociological view—product of the “me”
    generation
    • Treatment options
    • Focus on grandiosity, lack of empathy,
    unrealistic thinking
    • Little evidence that treatment is
    effective
    Cluster C:
    Avoidant
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Extreme sensitivity to the opinions of
    others
    • Highly avoidant of most interpersonal
    relationships
    • Are interpersonally anxious and fearful
    of rejection
    • Low self esteem
    Cluster C:
    Avoidant
    Personality
    Disorder
    • The causes
    • Numerous factors have been proposed
    • Difficult temperament and early
    rejection
    • Treatment options
    • Several well-controlled treatment
    outcome studies exist
    • Treatment is similar to that used for
    social phobia
    • Treatment targets include social skills
    and anxiety
    Cluster C:
    Dependent
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Reliance on others to make major and
    minor life decisions
    • Unreasonable fear of abandonment
    • Clingy and submissive in interpersonal
    relationships
    Cluster C:
    Dependent
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Causes
    • Still largely unclear
    • Linked to early disruptions in learning
    independence
    • Treatment options
    • Research on treatment efficacy is
    lacking
    • Therapy typically progresses gradually
    • Treatment targets include skills that
    foster independence
    Cluster C:
    ObsessiveCompulsive
    Personality
    Disorder
    • Overview and clinical features
    • Excessive and rigid fixation on doing
    things the right way
    • Highly perfectionistic, orderly, and
    emotionally shallow
    • Obsessions and compulsions are rare
    Cluster C:
    ObsessiveCompulsive
    Personality
    Disorder
    • The causes
    • Largely unknown
    • Weak genetic link
    • Treatment options
    • Data supporting treatment are limited
    • Address fears related to the need for
    orderliness
    • Rumination, procrastination, and
    feelings of inadequacy
    Summary of Personality
    Disorders
    • DSM-5 includes 10 personality disorders
    • Fall into cluster A, B, or C
    • The causes of personality disorders
    • Start in childhood, but are difficult to specify
    • Treatment is difficult and prognosis poor
    References
    • American Psychiatric Association (2013).Diagnostic and Statistical
    Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5).
    • American Psychiatric Association (2018). What are Personality Disorders?
    Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatry.org/patientsfamilies/personality-disorders/what-are-personality-disorders
    Fox, D. (2014). The Clinician’s Guide: Diagnosis and Treatment of
    Personality Disorders. Eau Claire, WI: PESI Publishing and Media
    Hirata, D. (2016). They Say I Have Borderline Personality Disorder. Self
    Published
    • Samuels, J. (2011). Personality disorders: epidemiology and public
    health issues. International Review of Psychiatry, 23(3), 223-233.
    • Sperry, L. (2016). Handbook of Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-5
    Personality Disorders (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

    How to place an order?

    Take a few steps to place an order on our site:

    • Fill out the form and state the deadline.
    • Calculate the price of your order and pay for it with your credit card.
    • When the order is placed, we select a suitable writer to complete it based on your requirements.
    • Stay in contact with the writer and discuss vital details of research.
    • Download a preview of the research paper. Satisfied with the outcome? Press “Approve.”

    Feel secure when using our service

    It's important for every customer to feel safe. Thus, at HomeworkGiants, we take care of your security.

    Financial security You can safely pay for your order using secure payment systems.
    Personal security Any personal information about our customers is private. No other person can get access to it.
    Academic security To deliver no-plagiarism samples, we use a specially-designed software to check every finished paper.
    Web security This website is protected from illegal breaks. We constantly update our privacy management.

    Get assistance with placing your order. Clarify any questions about our services. Contact our support team. They are available 24\7.

    Still thinking about where to hire experienced authors and how to boost your grades? Place your order on our website and get help with any paper you need. We’ll meet your expectations.

    Order now Get a quote