Taif University Disaster Management Paper

Running head: EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FOR ELDERLY IN AL-HAJJ PERIOD1Emergency Preparedness for the Elderly during Al-Hajj Period
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FOR ELDERLY IN AL-HAJJ PERIOD
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Emergency Preparedness for the Elderly during Al-Hajj Period
Literature Review
Description of the Problem
Emergency preparedness involves the practices that are carried out for the preparation of
the occurrence of an incident that might take place. Some instances of emergencies that
commonly take place in different countries include a terrorist attack, disease outbreaks, flooding,
earthquakes, hurricanes, and tornadoes. Besides, the Al-Hajj period is the time when Muslims
meet in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, during the annual Islamic pilgrimage (Shujaa & Alhamid, 2015).
About the issue of disaster management, an incident may take place at any time at any site, and
therefore preparedness is necessary. Based on the events that have taken place recently in Saudi
Arabia, mainly in the Mecca region, preparation is essential (Shafi et al., 2016). The elderly is
among the individuals who are considered to be vulnerable to incidents, and therefore it is
necessary to consider them in the preparedness. The management of potentially hazardous
conditions, especially in religious gatherings during the Al-Hajj period, is regarded as the
responsibility of people who visit or are around Mecca (Shafi et al., 2016). During the Al-Hajj
period, the mecca inhabitants usually evacuate from their residents to accommodate the group
that comes from far distances. When many people meet in such places, there is a high likelihood
of incidents to take place, especially the terrorist attacks (Kim & Zakour, 2017). Several plans
and policies have been installed to ensure that the area is always free from terror attacks.
However, based on past scenarios, it is necessary to be prepared for emergencies.
Example of a Recent Emergency Case
According to AlQahtani & Adserias-Garriga (2019), several incidents have taken place
during the Al-Hajj period that calls for preparedness. For example, in 2015, more than 700
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FOR ELDERLY IN AL-HAJJ PERIOD
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people were crushed to death after a stampede took place outside Mecca (AlQahtani & AdseriasGarriga, 2019). Other than the ones who lost their lives, over 850 individuals were severely
injured during the occurrence. The incident is considered to be the most deadly case that has ever
occurred within the last three decades. The event took place due to the panic that people
developed after two pilgrims groups collided as they prepare their final significant rites. People
were overwhelmed with fear to the extent that they were forced to run through two narrow
streets. Within a short period, the dead bodies filled the two streets (Alluhaidan, 2016). Among
the people who died and those who were injured, the majority of them were the elderly. This is
an implication that the elderly need to be protected more than other individuals during the AlHajj period (Alluhaidan, 2016). The occurrence of the incident serves as one of the main reasons
that call for preparedness among the elderly during such periods. The event forced King Salman,
the Saudi monarch, to order the reviewing of the plans and rules that people need to follow
during the Al-Hajj period to ensure that they are safe from any issue.
Preparedness Condition during Al-Hajj Season
Though preparedness is necessary during the Al-Hajj season, there is a challenge to
conduct the practice due to lack of enough time. The Ramadan and the Al-Hajj seasons are close
to each other in terms of their timeline. As Ramadan takes place in the 9thmonth of the lunar
calendar, Al-Hajj is conducted in the 12th month. This implies that the time difference between
the two seasons is three months. Since Ramadan takes place three months before the Al-Hajj
season, people tend to leave the area in the 10th and the 11th month. As people leave Mecca after
the Ramadan seasons, others arrive for the Al-Hajj season (Dostal, 2015). Besides, not all people
leave the place after Ramadan. This implies that there is no time for the preparedness to be
conducted. However, some preparations can be carried out before the arrival of the people for the
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS FOR ELDERLY IN AL-HAJJ PERIOD
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Ramadan to avoid inconveniences after its end. During the period, the elderly are considered to
be the ones who leave late due to their slow pace of carrying out their practices and preparations.
Therefore, this implies that it is necessary to consider the elderly in emergency preparedness
during Al-Hajj since they appear to be more vulnerable to the events that may take place.
Creating an Emergency Plan
According to Tuohy, Stephens, & Johnston, (2015), it is indicated that the elderly are the
ones who are most affected compared to other populations whenever an incident takes place.
That is the reason why it is necessary to make preparations for emergencies for the elderly in
case of the occurrence of an event (Tuohy et al., 2015). Individuals who take care of the older
adults, especially when they move to a gathering such as during the Al-Hajji period, need to
consider various steps of preparing for an emergency. One of the steps involves creating an
emergency plan. For an emergency plan to be created, several aspects need to be done. One of
them involves ensuring that an emergency communication plan is available (Veenema, 2018).
The plan can be made through creating a chain of phone calls or a group text in which when a
particular person is called, he or she calls the person next in the chain until the information
arrives at the specified destination. The emergency communication plan ensures that friends and
relatives of an emergency victim have got the message regarding what has taken place. The other
aspect required for the creation of an emergency plan is ensuring that the contact information is
always updated (Acosta et al., 2018). Having the current phone numbers of the individuals who
need to be contacted during an emergency is a critical thing. This ensures that the person
required during an emergency is always accessible. When people have met in Mecca during the
Al-Hajj season, the management team needs to have the list of all the attendants, especially the
older adults and the contacts of their relatives and friend.
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The management team responsible for the management of the practices that are
conducted during the Al-Hajj season need to choose the best place for the older adults to
evacuate in case of an occurrence of an incident. The team is supposed to select two sites within
Mecca, which is accessible by the relevant people and design it for the elderly to move into when
an emergency occurs. The reason for selecting two places is that one of them may be
inconvenient, and therefore the other one can be used (Bhalla et al., 2015). Besides, when
creating an emergency plan, the emergency manager needs to look for information about the area
regarding its vulnerability to disasters and emergencies. By having such information, the
emergency manager would be aware of the likelihood of an incident to take place and understand
the measures that need to be considered (McSweeney-Feld, 2017). It is also necessary to train the
elderly on what to do in case of an occurrence of an incident. Based on the case of the Al-Hajj
season, the management team needs to gather all the older adults and inform them what they are
supposed to do in case of an emergency. When possible, the team needs to assume that an
emergency has occurred and check how the population will respond to the event (Birrell, 2016).
Stocking an Emergency Medical Kit
It is crucial to ensure that an emergency medical kit is ready for use in case of an
emergency. Various items that need to be considered in an emergency medical kit include the
medications, medical necessities, and equipment, as well as the written information regarding the
treatment (Nash, 2017). In terms of medications, the person who is responsible for taking care of
a particular older person needs to ensure that any medication necessary for the individual is
available. For example, if a specific older adult usually develops high blood pressure when an
emergency takes place, his or her caregiver needs to ensure that the hypertension medications are
always available in a reasonable quantity (Birrell, 2016). Besides, medical necessities and
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equipment, such as at least two pairs of eyeglasses, hearing aids and their batteries, blood
pressure cuff, as well as the blood sugar monitoring device, among other things, need to be
always available. In terms of the written information for treatment, the caregiver should ask the
healthcare provider for the elderly to provide him or her with a copy of a medical record and the
list of health conditions that the older adult is likely to experience in case of an emergency
(McSweeney-Feld, 2017). Such information will be useful to the healthcare facility where the
elderly will be taken in case of an occurrence of an event.
Making a Disaster Supplies Kit
A caregiver for an older adult needs to ensure that there is a disaster supplies kit for the
older adult to be applied when an emergency takes place (Acosta et al., 2018). The disaster
supplies kit usually contains the medical kit equipment with other necessities such as necessary
supplies, food, water, critical papers and contact information, blankets and clothing, as well as
the maps to various places such as police station and healthcare facility (Bhalla et al., 2015). The
water and food that needs to be kept in the disaster supplies kit should be able to be used for at
least three days. Some of the necessary basic supplies include a flashlight, knife, utensils,
emergency whistle, solar charger, and a cellphone charger (Veenema, 2018). If these items are
available for the elderly in the Al-Hajj season, the person can be considered to have practiced
emergency preparedness.
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References
Acosta, J. D., Shih, R. A., Chen, E. K., Carbone, E. G., Xenakis, L., Adamson, D. M., &
Chandra, A. (2018). Boosting disaster resilience among older adults.
AlQahtani, S., & Adserias-Garriga, J. (2019). Ethical Considerations of the Management of the
Dead in the Middle East. In Ethical Approaches to Human Remains (pp. 485-501).
Springer, Cham.
Alluhaidan, A. (2016). Location Analysis of Mina Site: One of the Most Crowded Areas at Hajj.
In Proceedings of the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research ISSN (Vol.
2167, p. 1508).
Bhalla, M. C., Burgess, A., Frey, J., & Hardy, W. (2015). Geriatric disaster
preparedness. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 30(5), 443-446.
Birrell, R. (2016). 13-Emergency Preparedness for Natural Disasters. Family Capital and the
SDGs, 203.
Dostal, P. J. (2015). The vulnerability of urban homebound older adults in disasters: a survey of
evacuation preparedness. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 9(3), 301306.
Kim, H., & Zakour, M. (2017). Disaster preparedness among older adults: Social support,
community participation, and demographic characteristics. Journal of Social Service
Research, 43(4), 498-509.
McSweeney-Feld, M. H. (2017). Assistive technology and older adults in disasters: implications
for emergency management. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 11(1),
135-139.
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Nash, T. J. (2017). A guide to emergency preparedness and disaster nursing education
resources. Health Emergency and Disaster Nursing, 4(1), 12-25.
Shafi, S., Dar, O., Khan, M., Khan, M., Azhar, E. I., McCloskey, B. & Petersen, E. (2016). The
annual Hajj pilgrimage—minimizing the risk of ill health in pilgrims from Europe and
the opportunity for driving the best prevention and health promotion guidelines.
International Journal of infectious diseases, 47, 79-82.
Shujaa, A., & Alhamid, S. (2015). Health response to Hajj mass gathering from an emergency
perspective, narrative review. Turkish Journal of emergency medicine, 15(4), 172-176.
Tuohy, R., Stephens, C., & Johnston, D. (2015). Disaster preparedness: older adults’
perspectives. International Journal of Emergency Management, 11(1), 46-61.
Veenema, T. G. (Ed.). (2018). Disaster nursing and emergency preparedness. Springer
Publishing Company.
How can you describe the level of emergency preparedness for the elderly during the Al-Hajj
period?
What is the emergency plan on your site?
How much preparation do you have to deal with the elderly who came to perform the Hajj?
How often have you dealt with emergencies for older pilgrims? Please describe
What medical or first aid training have you had?
What are the special preparations for older pilgrims in the event of an emergency?
How do you expect to respond to an emergency health condition for an older pilgrim?
What is the mechanism of communication you have in the Hajj with the responsible authorities?
How quickly do you communicate with the responsible authorities when a medical emergency is
identified? And How quickly do they respond?
What does your emergency medical kit contain?
What does the disaster supply kit contain?
What do you think about the preparations for managing elderly pilgrims? What else is needed?
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OHR-2B
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—Office of Human Research
SUMMARY OF NON-INTERVENTIONAL HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH
Version Date – FOR OHR USE: 11/4/19
Use this form for social and behavioral research, research on education, questionnaire studies, and
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PART A- SUMMARY OF STUDY
1. Provide a brief (2-3 sentences) lay language synopsis of the study.
2. Objectives and Significance
a. State the primary objective(s) of the study.
b. State the secondary objectives(s) of the study.
c. What benefit or knowledge will be gained?
d. State research question or hypothesis you are testing.
3. Briefly describe the background and rationale for the research/evaluative study (whichever is
appropriate) in lay language. Please limit response to one paragraph. State the perceived
problem and why it is being investigated. (Do not include references and please do not cut and
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4. Briefly describe the research/evaluative study design. (Use charts and flow diagrams if
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a. Subjects: State inclusion and exclusion criteria.
b. Procedures: Explain study procedures/methods.
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or measured, i.e., statistical analysis plan, qualitative research methods such as
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OHR-2B
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5. Delineate procedures that are standard of care from those that are being performed specifically
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6. How will accuracy of data be assessed?
7. Identify the sources of data obtained about human subjects in the form of specimens, records,
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8. The following steps must be taken to ensure that identifiable data remains confidential and
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explanations and to describe deviations as well as additional measures.
a.
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c.
d.
e.
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k.
A separate research chart must be maintained apart from the medical record/chart of
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There are 18 identifiers described in 45 CFR 164.514 that make data identifiable. To
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which specifies the method of doing this. The data should be placed in one envelope inside
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PART B- SUBJECTS AND FACILITIES
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1. What is the expected number of subjects to be enrolled?
No. subjects
per year
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Total No.
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Up to:
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2. Identify where the research will be conducted and describe the adequacy of facilities.
3. Please identify any facilities to be used for research other than those assigned to Department or
division.
4. Describe provisions to protect the privacy of subjects during the course of the study. (Privacy
can be defined as the subject’s desire to control the ways in which s/he is approached and/or the
ways in which his/her private information is shared with others.)
5. How has the research staff been trained regarding study procedures/methods and their duties
(in-service, investigator meeting, etc.)?
6. Which of the following groups are eligible to be subjects?
Yes
No
*Women of reproductive potential
Pregnant women/fetuses/neonates (if yes, and study targets pregnant women
or is interventional, include OHR-27 as an addendum to the OHR-2)
Men of reproductive potential
Vulnerable Populations (Please see list below)
Individuals with impaired decision-making capacity (check yes only if
research targets and could benefit this population) Note: If yes, please also
review and complete the information in this form for decisionally –impaired
subjects.
*Minorities
Prisoners (if yes, notify the IRB in advance of the meeting)
*Economically or educationally disadvantaged persons
Students/employees
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7. If applicable, what additional protective mechanisms are in place to protect the rights and
welfare of vulnerable populations?
8. If one of the populations with an (*) in the table above are excluded, provide the reason.
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Note: NIH policy requires that minorities and women be adequately represented as research
subjects. If this is an NIH-funded study and you will be excluding either of these populations, you
must provide a scientific reason for such exclusion.
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PART C – RISKS, BENEFITS, AND ALTERNATIVES
1. What are the risks of the research? Address this at the individual and/or community level as
appropriate.
2. Discuss measures taken to minimize risks and maximize benefits associated with this research.
3. What are the potential benefits of participation?
4. Explain how the risks of the research are justified by potential benefit to the subject or society.
PART D – CHILDREN
1. Will this study involve children (age 17 or under)?
___ YES – Submit form OHR-26, “Research Involving Children.”
___ NO – Delete the REST of this Children section and skip to Part E.
2. Discuss your plan for recruitment of children.
3. Describe standard of care related to this research for children (if relevant, i.e., what is the
standard treatment of the condition being investigated in the age group to be studied)
4. Justify the age range of children to be enrolled.
5. Indicate the expertise of the research team with regard to children.
6. Describe the facilities to be used for children in this study.
7. Describe how the parental permission and child assent process (for 7-17 year olds) will be
carried out.
PART E – RECRUITMENT, EQUITABLE SELECTION, AND CONSENT PROCESS
1. Discuss the recruitment plan and describe recruitment methods and materials (e.g., physician
referral, newspaper ad, radio, TV spot, e-mail, membership lists, flyers, social networks, etc.)
Please attach all relevant materials for IRB review and approval.
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2. Will all qualified subjects populations have adequate access to recruitment materials? Please
explain.
3. Is the location and cultural setting of the research equally accessible to all qualified subject
populations? If not, what can be done to make the location and setting more accessible?
4. Are non-English speaking participants anticipated?
(Please note that in general, non-English speaking subjects should not be excluded from studies
with possible therapeutic benefit unless there is a valid scientific, ethical, or logistical reason.)
Please do one of the following:
a. Provide the rationale for excluding non-English speaking participants.
-ORb.
The following steps will be taken if non-English speaking subjects are anticipated:
• A translated full consent form, in the subject’s language, will be IRB approved prior
study initiation.
• All translated documents must be included with the IRB submission, along with
proof of translation (certification from agency or name and qualifications of
individual). Please note that this includes consent forms, recruitment materials, and
all relevant patient-facing documents.
• At the time of the consent discussion, a translator will need to be present (in-person
or via telephone interpreter service). The translator must be an adult who is fluent
in both languages.
• All parties will sign the translated consent form.
-OR-
c. If the above process will not be used, please describe the process that will be used if nonEnglish speaking subjects are anticipated:
Note: For additional information, including information about unexpected non-English speaking
subjects, please see OHR Policy IC 705.
5. If you are requesting a waiver of written consent, describe the information that will be provided
to subjects.
6. Who will conduct the consent interview?
7. Who will provide consent or permission (e.g., subject, legally authorized representative, parent,
caregiver, etc.)?
8. Where will the consent interview take place?
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9. Provide a step-by-step description of the consent process.
10. Describe your plan to assess a person’s capacity to consent.
11. Will you seek assent from decisionally-impaired individuals? If so, describe your plan for
obtaining assent. Note: If decisionally-impaired subjects will be included and are not capable
of consenting themselves, the OHR-8 consent template must be submitted along with a
simplified consent form (e.g., OHR-8C) and/or the surrogate consent form (OHR-8B).
12. Will the potential subject be informed of the research or be provided a copy of the consent to
review prior to the actual time of consent? If so, how much time in advance? How much time
will be available for the consent process?
13. What provisions will be made if the potential subject does not wish to proceed with the consent
interview?
14. Is surrogate consent involved? YES ______ NO ______
15. Will subjects be paid or receive any other inducements for participating? If yes, please explain.
Please note that payment of subjects must be on a pro-rated basis unless there are compelling
reasons not to prorate. There cannot be a requirement to finish all study components in order
for subjects to be paid, as this is considered coercive.
16. Describe any steps taken to minimize the possibility of coercion or undue influence.
17. Does the study include any of the following MCARE procedures (check all that apply)?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
The study’s initial or last continuing review was approved after March 2018 and already
contains the new Investigator signature template text.
No MCARE procedures
Administration of anesthesia
Performance of surgical procedures
Administration of chemotherapy and radiation
Administration of blood and/or human source products
Insertion of a surgical device or appliance
Performance of any HIV-related testing
Administration of experimental medication, use of an experimental device, use of an
approved medication or device in an experimental manner
Removal of bone, fluids or tissue for use in research or in the manufacture of a product.
(This would not include leftover tissues from clinical procedures.)
Invasive procedures, such as halo placement, central venous catheterization, pulmonary
artery catheterization. (Routine needle sticks, such as peripheral intravenous catheter
placement, vaccination, and venipuncture are not considered invasive in the context of this
policy.)
18. Select the most appropriate text to appear with the investigator signature line in the consent
form (check one):
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OHR-2B
Version Date: MM/DD/YYYY
Version Number: X.X
Include the text below for studies involving any MCARE procedures (See OHR policy
IC 701):
The physician investigator’s signature certifies that s/he personally provided the study
participant with a description of the study, study procedures, risks, benefits and alternatives to
participation.
Include the text below for studies that receive FULL IRB review (initially or at any
time) but do not include any MCARE procedures (See OHR policy IC 701):
The investigator’s signature certifies that s/he personally provided the study participant with a
description of the study, study procedures, risks, benefits and alternatives to participation.
Include the text below for all other studies:
The investigator’s signature certifies that the study participant has been provided with a
description of the study, study procedures, risks, benefits and alternatives to participation.
19. If the study does not meet one of the three criteria above (e.g., the study incudes MCARE
procedures, but a physician investigator will not be obtaining consent), please provide
rationale.
PART F – LOCATION/COLLABORATION
1. This study involves research to be performed at/in/with (check ALL appropriate entries):
Abington-Jefferson Health
East Falls (Philadelphia University)
Jefferson-Northeast
Jefferson Health-New Jersey
Jefferson-Center City
Jefferson as part of a multi-center, commercially sponsored study
Jefferson as part of an NCTN study
JKCCN sites (specify sites):
Rothman Institute (specify sites):
Methodist
Jefferson and Other Institution(s) Please name institutions only for investigator-initiated and
federally funded studies where data will be shared between institutions. Please provide copy of
collaborating institution IRB approval letter if applicable. The OHR will effect IRB Authorization
Agreements with collaborating institutions as required. Please name institutions:
Collaboration with City Services (City of Philadelphia IRB must approve study. For more
information, go to http://www.phila.gov/health/irb/.) Please list collaborating city services:
Unaffiliated Investigators. Each will need to complete an unaffiliated investigator agreement
available on the OHR website. Please specify by name and role in study:
2. This question is not applicable if research is a commercially sponsored multi-center trial.
Will research be conducted in states other than Pennsylvania?
YES
NO
If YES, does research involve subjects age 17 or younger?
YES
NO
PI:
IRB Control #:
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OHR-2B
Version Date: MM/DD/YYYY
Version Number: X.X
If YES to either or both, in what state(s) will research be conducted? _______________
Below please (a) verify the age at which subjects in such state(s) have the ability to
consent to participation in research, including any medical treatments or procedures, if
applicable and/or (b) verify the requirements for determining who may serve as a Legally
Authorized Representative, including a guardian for a child to participate in
research. You must also provide information on any state specific regulations on privacy
requirements and genetic research if applicable. Please contact the Legal Office for
information, as needed.
Age at which subjects have the ability to consent to participate in research: ______
State specific requirements: _______________________________________________
3. If the investigator is the lead investigator or Jefferson is the lead site in a multi-site study, please
address the following:
a. Where is the repository for adverse events and unanticipated problems and how will
information be disseminated to other sites?
b. Who will tabulate and disseminate interim results?
c. Who will provide information to other sites concerning methods/procedures
modifications?
d. Describe how information that is relevant to subject safety will be managed (i.e., notifying
site investigators of SAEs and Unanticipated Problems Involving Risks to Subjects or
Others, communicating DSMB or Interim Reports, etc.)
Collaborative Studies: For investigator-initiated studies that are collaborative or multi-center, or for
federally funded studies where Jefferson is the lead site, please provide IRB approvals for each
collaborating institution. If the institution does not have its own IRB, then the institution must first obtain
a Federal-Wide Assurance (FWA) from the Office of Human Research Protection (OHRP). This registers
the institution with the federal government for conducting human subjects research. The institution should
then fill out an IRB Authorization Agreement (IAA) that ties the institution to the TJU IRB for this study.
For more information, go to http://www.jefferson.edu/osa/irb/forms/.
Unaffiliated investigators involved with this study should fill out an Unaffiliated Investigator Agreement,
also available at the above Website address.
PI:
IRB Control #:
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OHR-2B
Version Date: MM/DD/YYYY
Version Number: X.X
PART G – CERTIFICATION
Federal Regulations require the following responsibilities of the Principal Investigator. Please
check those items to which you have conformed, and sign.
As Principal Investigator, I certify that: (check appropriate boxes)
I have read the IRB Policy and Procedures Manual.
I understand the federally-mandated responsibilities of a research investigator in conducting
research or evaluation involving human subjects.
I will conduct this research in accordance with these responsibilities.
I will consent all subjects with an IRB-approved consent form, if applicable to the project, and
store the consent forms in a safe repository.
I will provide all subjects with a copy of their signed and dated consent form.
All personnel have been appropriately trained for their assigned roles in this research.
_________________________________
___________
Signature of Principal Investigator Date